Penelitianini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aspek hukum praktik diskriminasi dalam persaingan usaha di Indonesia dan mengkaji penerapan prinsip rule of reason pada Putusan Perkara Nomor 08/ KPPU-I/2020. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus. Bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan dan
ABSTRAKPraktik-praktik rasisme yang terjadi di Jerman seperti gerakan anti Islam dan Xenophobia merupakan salah satu faktor penyebab munculnya citra negatif di Jerman. Untuk menghapus citra negatif tersebut, pemerintah dan masyarakat harus bekerja PERAN JERMAN MENGHAPUS DISKRIMINASI. Selly Julita. Download Download PDF. Full PDF Package
Diskriminasi rasial sebaiknya dirumuskan sebagai satu kejahatan yang mandiri. Dengan tetap menginduk pada bab/ titel mengenai tindak pidana terhadap ketertiban umum, mengingat kepentingan yang dilindungi adalah tidak berubah. Pertimbangan untuk menjadikannya sebagai kejahatan yang mandiri adalah Pertama, bobot ancaman dari perbuatan-perbuatan terhadap kepentingan yang dilindungi oleh hukum pidana. Bahwa kejahatan diskriminasi rasial sebagaiamana yang diatur dalam konvensi maupun rancangan undang-undang menimbulkan bahaya untuk umum dan menciptakan ancaman nyata bagi ketertiban dan ketentraman sosial kemasyarakatan di Indonesia gemeen gevararlijke atau gevaarzetingsdelicten. Kedua, karakter khusus dari perbuatanperbuatan yang termasuk sebagai praktik diskriminsi rasial. Secara teknis, Rancangan KUHP menganut kebijakan kodifikasi dengan hanya mencantumkan tindak pidana atas dasar prinsip “non administrative offences generic crimes / independent crimes, dengan kriteria 88 Pertama, perbuatan jahat bersifat independen, tidak perlu didahului dengan pelanggaran ketentuan hukum adminsitratif. Kedua, daya berlakunya relatif lestari, tidak mudah berubah karena adanya ketentuan administratif. Ketiga, ancaman pidananya lebih dari satu tahun pidana perampasan kemerdekaan. Untuk itu rumusan perbuatan pidana yang diusulkan untuk masuk dalam lingkup tindak pidana diskriminasi ras adalah yang telah dicantumkan dalam ketentuan pidana pada Rancangan Undang-Undang tentang Penghapusan Diskriminasi Ras dan Etnis dan ditambah beberapa rumusan perbuatan pidana yang diatur KUHP negara lain. Argumentasi mengapa pasal-pasal usulan yang harus dimasukkan dalam Rancangan KUHP adalah berasal dari Rancangan Undang-Undang tentang Penghapusan Diskriminasi Ras dan Etnis, bahwa proses adopsi ini merupakan bagian dari mekanisme baku dari kerja tim perancang dalam langkah-langkah pengkodifikasian dan harmonisasi semua peraturan perundang-undangan dan rancangan undang-undang yang memuat ketentuan pidana. Lebih daripada itu, bahwa Rancangan Undang-Undang tentang Penghapusan Diskriminasi Ras dan Etnis merupakan kerja-kerja internalisasi dari pengadopsian Konvensi Internasional mengenai Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi Ras yang minimal telah diselesaikan oleh satu tatanan mekanisme legislasi, jadi hematnya telah memiliki legitimasi secara konstitutif. Sementara itu Rancangan 88 Lihat Muladi, Perkembangan Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana Materiil, loc. juga perlu menengok bagaimana praktik negara lain dalam hal resepsi norma internasional kedalam KUHP mereka. Khususnya, bagaiamana mereka mengembangkan konteks norma internasional dalam sebuah rumusan tindak pidana dalam KUHP nasional mereka yang mungkin berbeda satu sama lainnya. Jika konsisten dengan persyaratan “non administrative offences” yang harus dipenuhi sebuah rumusan perbuatan pidana untuk masuk dalam Rancangan KUHP, dari lima perbuatan yang terdapat pada Rancangan Undang-Undang Penghapusan Diskriminasi Ras dan Etnis, hanya tiga perbuatan, yakni Pertama, menunjukkan kebencian atau perasaan kepada orang oleh karena perbedaan ras dan/atau etnis 89 Pasal… Setiap orang yang menunjukkan kebencian atau perasaan kepada orang oleh karena perbedaan ras dan/atau etnis yang berupa a. menulis kata-kata, gambar dan/atau menempatkan suatu tulisan yang berisi kata-kata atau gambar di tempat umum atau tempat lainnya yang dapat dilihat atau dibaca oleh orang lain, yang mana kata-kata atau gambar tersebut mengungkapkan kebencian dan/atau pelecehan terhadap suatu ras dan/atau etnis tertentu; b. pidato dan/atau mengungkapkan atau melontarkan kata-kata yang bersifat kebencian dan pelecehan terhadap suatu ras atau etnis tertentu dihadapan orang pada suatu tempat umum atau tempat lainnya; atau c. mengenakan sesuatu pada dirinya berupa benda, kata-kata atau gambar di tempat umum atau tempat lainnya yang dapat dibaca oleh orang lain, yang mana kata-kata atau gambar tersebut mengungkapkan kebencian dan/atau pelecehan terhadap suatu ras dan/atau etnis tertentu; Diancam dengan pidana penjara … dan/atau denda … Kedua, melakukan kekerasan dan/atau penyerangan secara fisik seperti penganiayaan, pembunuhan, perampasan harta benda, pemerkosan, penculikan kepada orang atau beberapa orang karena perbedaan ras dan/atau etnis 90 89 Lihat Pasal 18 RUU PDRE 90 Lihat Pasal 19 RUU PDREPage 1 and 2 Seri Position Paper Reformasi KUHP Page 3 and 4 Daftar Isi Bab I Pendahuluan A. LatPage 5 and 6 keyakinan, perilaku dan institusi yPage 7 and 8 Dalam konteks pelanggaran berat hakPage 9 and 10 yang ada atau rancangan undang-undaPage 11 and 12 penduduk, yaitu 1 Golongan EropaPage 13 and 14 • Surat Edaran Dirjen Imigrasi DePage 15 and 16 maupun dalam praktiknya, dengan melPage 17 and 18 mengani kecenderungan konsep tentanPage 19 and 20 termuat dalam konvensi penghapusan Page 21 and 22 sarana hukum pidana harus didayagunPage 23 and 24 BAB III SARANA HUKUM PIDANA DALAM MPage 25 and 26 Barang siapa di depan umum menyatakPage 27 and 28 ditujukan kepada orang banyak dan OPage 29 and 30 verspreidingdelict. Yang dimaksudPage 31 and 32 perubahan rumusan. Bahwa Pasal 137cPage 33 and 34 adalah perwujudan dario perjanjian Page 35 and 36 Dalam pasal ini rumusan tindak pidaPage 37 and 38 Lain halnya dengan KUHP Belanda yanPage 39 and 40 warna kulit, bangsa, dan latar belaPage 41 and 42 yang memiliki bobot dalam kerangka Page 43 and 44 BAB IV TINJAUAN TERHADAP RUMUSAN PAPage 45 and 46 Pasal 287 sama halnya dengan pasal Page 47 and 48 direalisasikan dengan melakukan perPage 49 and 50 Diskriminasi Rasial. Perintah untukPage 51 and 52 Dalam sejarah kehidupan manusia, diPage 53 and 54 hak sosial, hak-hak budaya secara lPage 55 luas dari itu. Terlepas dari konsekPage 59 and 60 Alasannya, bahwa kedua perbuatan tePage 61 and 62 jahat mendiskriminasi dalam kejahatPage 63 and 64 erekspresi. Untuk itu diperlukan pePage 65 and 66 A. Kesimpulan BAB V PENUTUP Bahwa dPage 67 and 68 B. Rekomendasi Dalam kerangka perbaPage 69 and 70 DAFTAR BACAAN Amnesty InternationalPage 71 and 72 Peraturan Presiden Nomor 7 tahun 20Page 73 and 74 MATRIKS REKOMENDASI Pasal RancanganPage 75 and 76 etnik, warna kulit, dan agama, atauPage 77 pengetahuan yang secara umum memiliJAKARTA Menteri Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Muhaimin Iskandar meminta pemerintah daerah agar menekan dan menghilangkan praktik ekonomi biaya tinggi di daerahnya."Satu upaya untuk menaikkan upah pekerja atau buruh adalah dengan menekan dan menghilangkan
About the author Alex Otieno Alex Otieno teaches in the Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminal Justice and the MA Program in International Peace and Conflict Resolution at Arcadia University in Pennsylvania, United States. His research interests are in human rights discourses, HIV/AIDS and society, and the role of institutions in social change. "States Parties undertake to prohibit and to eliminate racial discrimination in all its forms and to guarantee the right of everyone, without distinction as to race, colour or national or ethnic origin, to equality before the law", according to the 1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, notably in the enjoyment of political, civil, economic, social and cultural rights. State Parties shall also assure effective protection and remedies against any acts of racial the preamble of the Charter of the United Nations and the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaim the right of everyone to enjoy all human rights and fundamental freedoms, without distinction to race, colour or national origin. The UN system and its specialized agencies, through various conventions and declarations, prohibited discrimination and disseminated information specifically addressing the issue and proposing solutions to the problem. However, despite these efforts, many individuals and groups belonging to the minority continue to experience various forms of discrimination, especially in countries with a dominant majority or a history of colonialism and occupation. As we prepare to celebrate the anniversaries of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the General Assembly's adoption of the International Convention, prevention and enforcement of United Nations guidelines pertaining to racial discrimination are still a major challenge. As such, human rights for all are still violated in polities where racial discrimination of racial discrimination varies in different contexts. For example, in countries like the United States, which have enacted prevention laws, changes in social norms have led some commentators to use phrases like "colour-blind racism"1 and "laissez-faire racism"2 to capture the challenges of preventing racial discrimination and enforcing laws. Racial discrimination is manifested also in practices generally thought to be relics of the past, such as race-based slavery, as in the case of the continuing enslavement of dark skinned people in contemporary Mauritania,3 as well as crimes against humanity or, as argued by some, the genocide committed in the Darfur region of the agencies, such as the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights OHCHR and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO, have played a key role in organizing and mobilizing education and information relevant to the protection of all human rights. The OHCHR role in the 2001 World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, held in Durban, South Africa, is an example, where the discourses arising from the event and the participation of thousands of non-governmental organizations, youth groups and networks had an impact on millions of people. The contribution of UNESCO in formulating declarations and conventions - such as the Declaration on Fundamental Principles concerning the Contribution to the Mass Media to Strengthening Peace and International Understanding, to the Promotion of Human Rights and to Countering Racialism, Apartheid and Incitement to War, adopted on 22 November 1978 - reveals the United Nations role in fostering discourses of respect and dignity for Article 12 of the Declaration on the Prevention of Genocide, adopted on 11 March 2005 by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination CERD, "urges the international community to look at the need for a comprehensive understanding of the dimensions of genocide, including in the context of situations where economic globalization adversely affects disadvantaged communities, in particular indigenous peoples". This clearly indicates the recognition of the complex factors in facilitating discriminatory practices leading to genocide. It is worth noting that, whereas genocide is not always directly linked to racial discrimination, they are often interlinked, as demonstrated by the 2005 Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the The Commission observed that genocide is often facilitated and supported by discriminatory laws and practices, or lack of effective enforcement of the principle of equality of persons, irrespective of race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin. Given that the Convention calls on States to prohibit racial discrimination and enact laws to protect citizens, it is clear that genocidal activities can be linked to the Government's violations of human Government of Sudan can, therefore, be held accountable for the estimated million internally displaced persons in Darfur and the more than 200,000 refugees from Darfur in neighbouring Chad, especially since it was reported by the Commission of Inquiry that "the Government of the Sudan and the Janjaweed are responsible for serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law amounting to crimes under international law". It also reported "Government forces and militias conducted indiscriminate attacks, including killing of civilians, torture, enforced disappearances, destruction of villages, rape and other forms of sexual violence, pillaging and forced displacement, throughout Darfur. These acts were conducted on a widespread and systematic basis, and therefore may amount to crimes against humanity. The extensive destruction and displacement have resulted in a loss of livelihood and means of survival for countless women, men and children. In addition to the large scale attacks, many people have been arrested and detained, and many have been held incommunicado for prolonged periods and tortured. The vast majority of the victims of all of these violations have been from the Fur, Zaghawa, Massalit, Jebel, Aranga and other so-called 'African' tribes."This indicates the United Nations role in establishing the nature and extent of the problem in Darfur and its ability to demonstrate that this was borne out of racial discrimination, showing that it is an ongoing problem that needs the attention of the global community and civil society the importance of preventing and enforcing the prohibition of racial discrimination, as mandated by various UN instruments, can reveal the challenges of addressing persistent racial discrimination four decades after the Convention was adopted. Using the work of two authors, I shall illustrate here the social construction of race as means of generating discussions on racial discrimination and exposing racism as facile thinking. Consider "essentialist" formulation of race that views it as "a matter of innate characteristics, of which skin colour and other physical attributes provide only the most obvious and, in some respects, most superficial, indicators"5 and is, at least in part, the basis for enslavement in Mauritania today. The other extreme view is trivializing the category of race, arguing that since it is a social construction, race will disappear if we simply ignore it - this ignores the ways in which race has deeply structured Western civilization for the last 500 is important to consider the social construction of race in light of B. K. Obach's work detailing student responses to a course on He observed that in the context of the United States, "students often think of race as a given biological fact based on established scientific distinctions, ideas that are strongly reified throughout society by the media, through government policy and by individuals who often embrace a racial identity". Challenging students to "think outside the box" by considering the origin of race as social is no doubt a mammoth task, but one that can be accomplished with tenacity and good pedagogy. A strategy offered by Obach is to acknowledge that the "socially constructed nature of racial categories can, in part, be demonstrated by reviewing historical developments in which the commonly used racial categories were established, in addition to showing the way in which those categories and their meanings have changed over time". He substantiated his work with Omi & Winnant,5 as well as Haney Lopez,7 to illustrate this. He noted the definition of Asian Indians as a case in point, observing that they "were determined by the courts to be non-white in 1909, white in 1910 and 1913, non-white in 1917, white again in 1919 and 1920, but non-white after 1923". Such conceptions can go a long way in exposing the fact that social relations, rather than some innate qualities, produce the hierarchical ideas regarding can be argued that UN efforts at improving response strategies for tackling racial discrimination markedly improved following the paradigm shift towards a more inclusive and proactive one, "taking into account that systematic discrimination, disregard or exclusion are often among the root causes of conflict". In the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, CERD noted the importance of decision-making in strengthening the capacity of the Committee "to detect and prevent at the earliest possible stage developments in racial discrimination that may lead to violent conflict and genocide". Thus, the Convention seeks to frame prevention as a critical component of efforts to address racial discrimination and national actions for tackling racial discrimination and exclusion may exist, there is often an inadequate capacity to prevent cases of discrimination within the jurisdiction of the States with the worst track records. However, education and human rights as the main strategies by civil society organizations, which mobilize action and raise concerns regarding discrimination, can have an impact on both prevention and enforcement. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the "best practices" of institutional processes and models of race that are transformative and do not further marginalize racial minorities. This is best done by treating their experiences in ways that do not consider the role they must play in reporting instances of violation of their international community must now take heed of the complexity of the politics of race and how it fuels human rights abuses, including genocidal acts and crimes against humanity, such as those witnessed in Darfur and the slavery in Mauritania. What is clear is that, although there is ample evidence of the consequences of racial discrimination in opportunity structures, including political and cultural products, health outcomes, well-being and dignity, concrete actions to address "hidden abuses" remain will take effective leadership within the various UN specialized agencies to prevent racial discrimination and bring to account groups and individuals responsible for human rights violations. Previous criticisms of the handling of situations that resulted in colossal rights abuses,8 such as those in Rwanda in 1994, should serve to motivate key individuals to recognize the need for prompt action. As The New York Times in March 2007 has noted regarding Darfur, "international leaders need to demonstrate that they can act as well as talk", in order to save lives and bolster confidence in the international E. Bonilla-Silva & Forman, "I am not a racist but..." Mapping white college students' racial ideology in the USA. Discourse & Society 11 2002 Bales, Disposable People New Slavery in the Global Economy Berkeley & Los Angeles University of California Press, 2000.2 L. Bobo, J. Kluegel & R. Smith. "Laissez-faire Racism The Crystallization of a Kinder, Gentler, Antiblack Ideology",Racial Attitudes in the 1990s, ed. S. Tuch and Martin . Westport, CT Praeger Publishers, 1997 K. Bales & J. Reitz, Racism, Racial Discrimination and Related Intolerance Relating To Contemporary Forms of Slavery. Background paper prepared by Free the Slaves, Washington 2003.4 Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur. M. Omi & H. Winant, Racial Formation in the United States From the 1960s to the 1980s New York Routledge, 1994.6 Obach, "Demonstrating the social construction of race", Teaching Sociology, 1999 Haney Lopez, White by Law The Legal Construction of Race New York New York University Press, 1996.8 S. Power, "Bystanders to genocide", The Atlantic Monthly, September 2001. Protecting the Tree of Life The Path Forward Though we humans share the earth with the rest of its life forms, and we are an integrated part of its biodiversity, we have an outsized impact on the health of the planet. Recognizing our footprint and working earnestly towards sustainable existence within these systems, rather than dominating or destroying them, is the looming challenge of the twenty-first century.
kesetaraanetnis dan agama serta larangan diskriminasi berdasarkan asal muasal dalam hal pekerjaan dan jabatan. • Menjelaskan bentuk-bentuk umum dari diskriminasi berdasarkan etnis, agama dan asal muasal • Mengidentifikasi kebijakan dan tindakan praktis untuk mengatasi diskriminasi berdasarkan etnis, agama, asal muasal- Diskriminasi dapat menimpa siapa saja. Diskriminasi bisa menyangkut agama, ras, etnis, ataupun suatu kebudayaan. Diskriminasi terjadi karena tidak bisa masyarakatnya tidak bisa memahami serta menerima perbedaan yang Pasal 1 ayat 3 Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, dituliskan jika diskrimasi adalah segala bentuk pembatasan, pelecehan ataupun pengucilan yang dilakukan secara langsung ataupun tidak, yang didasarkan pada perbedaan agama, suku, ras, etnik, kelompok, golongan, status sosial, status ekonomi dan aspek kehidupan lainnya. Hidup tanpa diskriminasi dari pihak manapun menjadi hak asasi setiap manusia. Namun, terkadang bisa ditemui perbuatan diskriminasi terhadap kaum atau pihak tertentu. Akibatnya kehidupan masyarakat menjadi kurang harmonis, aman dan juga Diskriminasi Pengertian dan Penyebabnya Apa sajakah contoh diskriminasi dan bagaimana cara menghindarinya? Contoh diskriminasi Berikut contoh diksriminasi yang masing sering dijumpai di lingkungan sekitar Seorang perempuan tidak diperbolehkan bekerja sebagai sopir atau pilot karena jenis kelaminnya. Sekelompok orang mengejek atau memperlakukan orang secara berbeda hanya karena perbedaan keyakinan. ODHA atau Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS masih sering dijauhi masyarakat karena takut tertular. Kaum difabel masih jarang mendapat fasilitas publik yang ramah untuk mereka. Perlakuan berbeda antara orang kaya dengan orang miskin ketika berobat ke rumah sakit. Melakukan diskriminasi dengan menjauhi teman yang berasal dari luar Pulau Jawa. Warga Amerika Serikat masih sering membedakan perlakuan antara warga kulit putih dengan kulit hitam. Baca juga Perbedaan Toleransi dan Simpati Cara menghindari diskriminasi Cara menghindari diskriminasi yaitu dengan berlaku seperti Menghormati dan menghargai setiap perbedaan yang ada. Menyadari jika setiap manusia memiliki hak asasi manusianya masing-masing, termasuk bisa menjalani hidup tanpa perlakukan diskriminatif. Mempelajari kebudayaan dan bahasa daerah lainnya, agar lebih mudah memahami betapa indahnya hidup aman dan tentram tanpa diskriminasi. Membiasakan diri untuk tidak mudah mengejek, menghina atau membenci hanya karena berbeda suku, agama, ras, status sosial ataupun kebudayaannya. Menumbuhkan semangat dan jiwa nasionalisme. Menjalin komunikasi dan membina hubungan yang baik dengan teman atau keluarga yang berbeda suku, agama, ras dan budayanya. Membiasakan diri untuk tidak mudah menilai orang lain dari penampilan luarnya saja. Dapatkan update berita pilihan dan breaking news setiap hari dari Mari bergabung di Grup Telegram " News Update", caranya klik link kemudian join. Anda harus install aplikasi Telegram terlebih dulu di ponsel.
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